NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW ANNUAL

This article describes the 1994 Rwandan genocide and tracks the progression of international criminal law in the prosecution of rape and sexual violence up to that point. It then delves into a deeper analysis of how the ICTR's proceedings contributed to significant advancements in classifying the aforementioned crimes as crimes against humanity and as modes of committing genocide. The ICTR and the ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia) have recognized sexual violence as a tool of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

The authors discuss the right to education for women as addressed and delineated in international human rights law and in particular within CEDAW. They explore what this right grants to women and why it is important. The authors argue that bringing CEDAW into this discussion can be beneficial in encouraging states to adopt measures that would promote this right. Currently, states and other non-state actors are not clear about the best methods to create equality in education and the framework provided by CEDAW in this respect is needed. It is argued that

This article focuses on the work of the CEDAW Committee and the essential role played by NGOs in the CEDAW reporting process. It explores the history of how NGOs became involved in the process of submitting state reports and contributing to general recommendations prepared by the Committee. Today, many NGOs submit shadow reports during the review process of a particular state and they even present information directly to the Committee. They also play a crucial role in assisting individuals in submitting complaints to the Committee. The author

The article provides a comparative analysis of the asylum laws in the US and in the UK with regards to women who have been subject to female genital mutilation (FGM). The author argues that refugee status for these women depends on whether or not they are determined to belong to a "particular social group". The author finds that this requirement is more narrowly defined in the UK than in the US, leading to the US having more lenient refugee determinations. This article contains five sections: Part I discusses current asylum laws in both

The author explores how African nations have responded to and implemented CEDAW domestically. Many states have not ratified CEDAW, strongly limiting its application. This means that judges do not have to use it as authority and its enforcement depends upon individuals bringing these cases to the courts. The author analyzes each article of CEDAW and explores how they have or have not been implemented domestically and the reasons for this variance. While most African Constitutions contain express non- discrimination clauses on the basis of gender, many domestic laws and prevailing

The article discussed the importance of a consistent and concerted approach to the recognition of reproductive rights violations in the application of all transitional justice, and proactive inclusion of reproductive rights in post-conflict constitutional, legal, and policy reform. The article is divided into three sections: Part one discusses the international legal foundations for reproductive rights as well as some of the reproductive health issues central to most conflict-ridden societies; Part two discusses reproductive rights violations as considered by tribunals, and a

This article examines the trafficking of women from third party countries into the European Union for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The author begins by providing an overview of trafficking in the European Union, setting out the scope of the problem and describing the experience of trafficked women. A description is then given of the responses to the trafficking problem by the EU and by individual EU member states. She concludes by suggesting actions the EU and member states must take to combat the trafficking problem.