The article describes five areas where
women's reproductive rights are violated,
often related to women's HIV status, age,
race, ethnicity, class and sexual
orientation. The first area of violation
discussed is the requirement for mandatory
HIV testing of pregnant women, which may
prevent pregnant women from seeking prenatal
care. The second area is prevention of
mother-to-child transmission, which can focus
on the needs of the child to the detriment of
the needs of the woman. The third area of
violation is coerced sterilization, which
involves the forced sterilization of women