GENDER AND SOCIETY

In South America, rights to local political participation in aboriginal communities are "earned" through labours for the community. These rights are not simply granted to each individual as part of a human rights regime. This method of political participation is especially prevalent in the province of Oaxaca, Mexico, where almost seventy-five percent of the municipalities elect municipal authorities through custom and tradition rather than secret ballot and universal suffrage. The low rates of female political participation in these areas have prompted the Mexican government to

This article examines gender politics and human rights as they relate to Indigenous women. It considers whether a conception of rights centered on the individual can truly promote the collective rights of indigenous peoples. Additionally, the author discusses the limitations of gender norms in understanding the reality of indigenous women in many contexts. She explores how the identification of Mapuche women in Chile mediates gender and human rights and considers the multiple identifications of Indigenous women. The article discusses the various means through which Mapuche women